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Contact Info

123/A, Miranda City Likaoli Prikano, Dope United States

+0989 7876 9865 9

info@crtt.com

Test Battery

CRTT TEST

CRTT Reading Test
(CRTT-R)

  • Subtests: 10 subtests that vary in length and difficulty
  • Subtest Lengths: 10, 5 and 3 item versions
  • Languages Available: Cantonese, English, Mandarin-Mainland, Mandarin-Taiwanese
  • Languages In Development: Farsi (Persian), French, German, Hebrew, Hindi, Korean, Lebanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish.
  • Population Norms: Adult Healthy Controls, Adults with Aphasia, Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Adults with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), TBI +PTSD.

CRTT TEST

Special Test Versions (8 subtests; 5 & 10 items/subtest)

  • Special Test Languages:
    American Sign Language: (CRTT-R-wf-ASL & CRTT-R-wf-ASL-Stroop (Color Sign)
  • Special Test Populations & Norms:
  • Adult Deaf Proficient ASL Signers
  • Adult Hearing Proficient ASL Signers
  • Adult Hearing Nonproficient ASL Signers

CRTT Linguistic Test Versions and Populations with Preliminary Data

[Goldberg, Pratt & McNeil, Szuminsky]

*ASL Adult Hearing Proficient (N=15):

                CRTT-ASL-wf, Mean Score 13.73; Mean Efficiency Score 12.36 (Diff. = 1.47)

*ASL Adult Hearing Non-Proficient (N=15):

                CRTT-ASL-wf, Mean Score 13.63; Mean Efficiency Score 12.24  (Diff. = 1.39)

*ASL Adult Deaf Proficient (N=15):

                CRTT-ASL-wf, Mean Score 13.24; Mean Efficiency Score 11.60   (Diff. = 1.64)

**ASL Children (12.9 Yrs.) Deaf (N=3):

           CRTT-ASL-wf, Mean Score 11.51;  Mean Efficiency Score   9.27  (Diff. = 2.24)

[Goldberg, Pratt & McNeil, Szuminsky]

*ASL Adult Hearing Proficient (N=15):

           CRTT-ASL-wf-Stroop, Mean Score 13.94; Mean Efficiency Score 12.60  (Diff. = 1.34)

*ASL Adult Hearing Non-Proficient (N=15):

           CRTT-ASL-wf-Stroop, Mean Score 14.27; Mean Efficiency Score 12.94  (Diff. = 1.33)

*ASL Adult Deaf Proficient (N=15):

           CRTT-ASL-wf-Stroop, Mean Score 12.85; Mean Efficiency Score 11.37  (Diff. = 1.48)

Goldberg, E., Pratt, S.R., McNeil, M.R., Washington, S., DeHaan, K. & Shahen, M.  “Assessing the Reliability of the American Sign Language Version of the Computerized Revised Token Test”.  Paper presented to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Denver, CO, Nov. 2015.

*Goldberg, E., Pratt, S.R., & McNeil, M.R.  “Sentence Comprehension in Deaf and Hearing Signers in American Sign Language and Written English”.  Paper presented to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Philadelphia, PA, Nov. 2016.

*Goldberg, E  “Control of lexical inhibition in ASL and English-reading sentence comprehension in deaf and hearing ASL users” Master’s Thesis, University of Pittsburgh. 2017.

*Goldberg, E, Pratt, S.R & McNeil, M.R.  “Control of Lexical Inhibition in ASL & English-Reading Comprehension in Deaf & Hearing ASL Users”.  Paper presented to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Boston, Nov. 2018.

**Lacey, C.M. “Assessing the ASL and ASL–Stroop Versions of the Computerized Revised Token Test with Children.”  Bachelor of Philosophy Thesis. University of Pittsburgh. 2019.

CRTT Linguistic Test Versions and Populations with Preliminary Data

[McNeil, Pratt, Szuminsky, Fassbinder]

SUBJECT RELATIVE: “It was the red square that touched the white circle for this one.”

OBJECT RELATIVE:   “It was the red square that the white circle touched for this one.”

Adult With Aphasia(N=90):

  Mean Score: 11.17; Range: 4.40-13.13; (SD. =1.22):  [Mean – Efficiency = 2.39]

  Mean Efficiency Score: 8.78; Range: 3.96-11.47; (SD. = 1.39)

[Goldberg, Pratt & McNeil, Szuminsky]

GARDEN PATH: “Put the black square next to the blue square below the white circle for this one.”

GARDEN PATH CONTROL: “Put the blue circle that is right of the red circle below the green square for this one.”

GARDEN PATH FILLER: “Put the red square above the black circle for this one.”

Adult With Aphasia(N=86):

  Mean Score: 10.10; Range: 8.30-12.16; (SD. = .74):   [Mean – Efficiency = 3.27]

  Mean Efficiency Score: 6.83; Range: 2.55-9.71;   (SD. = 1.34)

CRTT Speed Of Processing (CRTT-SOP) Battery
[McNeil, Pratt, Szuminsky]

CRTT-SOP Task 1 (TAP)

GOAL:  Data from Task 1 is used to estimate basic motor-related speed across ages, hands, and clinical populations.

The purpose of this task is to provide a nonlinguistic-specific index of fundamental, repetitive, alternate movement speed using a single muscle group (as opposed to AMR measures of speech that use respiratory, velopharyngeal, lingual and labial muscle groups).  Finger taping has been used frequently and meaningfully as a proxy for general movement speed associated with disease and aging.  Because the CRTT requires finger taping speed and control and could influence the final calculation of scores and times measured by the CRTT language processing tasks, this task can be used as a statistical or conceptual covariate for interpreting CRTT test performance.

CRTT-SOP Task 2 (SIMPLE REACTION TIME)

simple mouse button press. Simple reaction time is frequently classified as a stimulus detection task (Luce, 1986).  However, simple RT is the combination of taping speed and stimulus detection.  As such, this speeded response in this RT task can be separated conceptually (and computationally) from pure stimulus detection (see derived measures below). Task stimuli in the form of written words in the case of the CRTT-R tasks and auditory stimuli in the case of the CRTT-L tasks, as well as the 10 or 20 colored circles and squares on the screen used for response selection and enactment for the prepositional phrases in subtest V through VIII, require responses that are timed. Although speeded responses are not instructed for the CRTT-L or CRTT-R tasks, response times are measured for the CRTT-R-wf and figure into the calculations for scores of 13 (delays), item, command, and overall scores. There is an approximately 100+ msec. cost for this task compared to the inter-tap interval.  This time difference is considered as an estimate of the stimulus detection time (see derived measures below), although it is recognized that although unlikely, response planning and execution requirements could be different from those involved in the AMR taping task.

CRTT-SOP Task 3 (SIMPLE REACTION TIME + FINE MOVEMENT CONTROL)

GOAL:  This task adds the requirement of a simple skilled movement to the previous task.  It is intended to measure movement time plus reaction time.  It evaluates the speed at which participants detected and then motorically move the mouse cursor and click on a token displayed on the screen.  It reflects one of the primary task requirements of the enactment required in the Computerized Revised Token Test. 

CRTT-SOP Task 4 (GO/NOGO)

GOAL:  This task is the first of the three choice reaction time tasks that require the participant to cognitively map stimulus items to finger response selections. The primary purpose of this task is to assess (primarily) response inhibition and secondarily, goal maintenance (assessed with hits and misses).  In this task, the participant is set to respond to the next stimulus as quickly as possible; requiring inhibition of response if the “NoGo” stimulus appears.  Since a premium is placed on speed of response, and the perceptual requirements of the stimuli for this task are not demanding (as is required for the CRTT-R-wf-Stroop color-word task) the attentional bottleneck is placed primarily on response inhibition.  Discussed below under “derived” measures, another relevant measure for evaluating the goals of this task, is the subtraction of the correct RTs for Task 4 from the simple RTs from task 2.  This subtraction reflects the costs associated with goal maintenance (remembering and responding only to the target stimulus) and stimulus inhibition.  In addition to the detection of goal maintenance (sustained attention) problems, the number of false positives may also reflect the difficulty suppressing the irrelevant stimulus.

CRTT-SOP Task 5 (STIMULUS/RESPONSE MAPPING-SIMPLE)

GOAL:  This task is the second of the three choice reaction time tasks that require the participant to cognitively map stimulus items to finger response selections.  In this choice reaction time task, like task 4, one token (circle or square) is randomly presented on the screen at a time.  However, unlike task 4, participants are required to respond to each stimulus that is mapped to a specific, predetermined, effector (finger/mouse response button).  While CRTT task demands are minimal for stimulus/response mapping, response selection in general can be a bottleneck in the processing stream and can be impacted by neurological insult.

CRTT-SOP Task 6 (STIMULUS/RESPONSE MAPPING-COMPLEX)

GOAL: This task provides a measure of conflict resolution through challenges of stimulus/response sequence mapping with both congruent (circle on left and left button response) and incongruent (square on left and right button response) trials.  This task adds complexity to the response mapping demands from those involved in task 5.  Two responses are always required hence no suppression effects (as in Task 4) are directly targeted and evaluated in this task.  Congruency effects can be evaluated by subtracting the RT to correct responses for incongruent trials compared to the correct responses for the congruent trials.  The effects of adding the two stimuli/two response requirements plus the sequencing requirement (overall increased cognitive load) to the single stimulus two-response task can be evaluated by subtracting the RTs for the correct responses in the congruent trials from the RTs for correct trials in Task 5.

CRTT Speed Of Processing (CRTT-SOP) Battery DERIVATIONAL MEASURES

Cognitive processes can be decomposed, and times for these individual cognitive processes can be estimated by subtracting values from selected measures from the 6 primary SOP measures.  Those hypothesized to be of particular importance for isolating impaired and preserved processes in the CRTT-L and CRTT-R-wf battery of tests are described below.  It critical to remember that the number of studies establishing the validity of these derived measured is limited.  Preliminary normative data for young through geriatric healthy controls, for right and left (nondominant) hands is available and is displayed for each measure in the SOP Report when the relevant biographical data are entered in the test administration control window.  Age and hand used produce significantly different results for most derived measures.

DETECTION TIME: {Tap Interval time minus Simple RT}

Detection time is calculated by subtracting the Tap Interval time from the Simple RT.  This represents the average time it takes to simply detect the single token appearing at a predictable center location on the screen with the basic repetitive index finger movement speed (AMR or Alternate Movement Rate) and the cognitive demands that are required for that task, removed.  While the stimulus and its location on the screen are predictable in the Simple RT task, the interstimulus interval is randomly altered around a 50 msec interval to reduce anticipatory responses. Anticipatory responses that are less than 100 msec are removed from the Simple RT task before the reported times are calculated.  These false positive responses for the Simple RT task are calculated and reported for descriptive purposes and should be considered when interpreting all derived measures.  Impulsivity, distractibility, poor sustained attention, and impaired goal maintenance are possible causes for a high incidence of false positive responses. 

CRTT-SOP Task 2 (SIMPLE REACTION TIME)

simple mouse button press. Simple reaction time is frequently classified as a stimulus detection task (Luce, 1986).  However, simple RT is the combination of taping speed and stimulus detection.  As such, this speeded response in this RT task can be separated conceptually (and computationally) from pure stimulus detection (see derived measures below). Task stimuli in the form of written words in the case of the CRTT-R tasks and auditory stimuli in the case of the CRTT-L tasks, as well as the 10 or 20 colored circles and squares on the screen used for response selection and enactment for the prepositional phrases in subtest V through VIII, require responses that are timed. Although speeded responses are not instructed for the CRTT-L or CRTT-R tasks, response times are measured for the CRTT-R-wf and figure into the calculations for scores of 13 (delays), item, command, and overall scores. There is an approximately 100+ msec. cost for this task compared to the inter-tap interval.  This time difference is considered as an estimate of the stimulus detection time (see derived measures below), although it is recognized that although unlikely, response planning and execution requirements could be different from those involved in the AMR taping task.

MOVEMENT TIME: {Simple RT minus RT + Movement}

Movement time is computed by subtracting Simple RT minus from the RT + movement task times.  It represents the average (estimated) time it takes to move the cursor and click on the token appearing at a predictable center location on the screen, with the cognitive demands (e.g., sustained attention and goal maintenance, stimulus detection, planning and executing the mouse response) of the task removed from the skilled movement itself.

RESPONSE INHIBITION: {Simple RT minus Go/NoGo}

Response Inhibition is estimated by subtracting Simple RT times from the Go-No-Go task times.  This measure is consistent with the plethora of studies using GoNoGo tasks and estimates the time needed to discriminate the tokens and suppress the NoGo response, beyond those cognitive and motor tasks required to perform the Simple RT task.  It represents the time required to maintain attention for the specific task goal, differentially perceive a predetermined stimulus, inhibit the preplanned response.  While goal maintenance is required for this and all other tasks, it can be separated the response inhibition demands of the task by evaluating the number of false positive responses; especially when such responses occur across successive stimuli.  When this happens, the loss of task is usually indicated by a response to both circles and squares, independent of the preselected target.  If this happens, these times should be similar to those of the Simple RT.  Because evidence of failures of goal maintenance are relatively rare in the normal and aphasic populations assessed, the cost in time beyond that required to perform the Simple RT task is most likely attributable to that required for inhibitory control.

SIMPLE DECISION-MAPPING TIME: [Simple RT minus Simple Mapping]

The simple decision time is computed by subtracting the time taken on the Simple RT task minus the reaction time on the simple decision-mapping task.  This time represents the additional time required to differentially perceive the two stimuli from the predictable set and map the single stimulus to the correct right or left response mouse button.  The response mapping in this computation represents the task requirements beyond those required in the Simple RT task.

GOAL MAINTENANCE/CONFLICT RESOLUTION TIME: {Go/NoGo minus Simple Mapping}

This metric is computed by subtracting the time taken on the Go-No-Go task minus the time from the simple decision-mapping task.  This time represents the additional time required to map one of two stimuli to one of two response buttons on the mouse.  It represents the time required to accomplish the mapping beyond those required by tasks 2 and 4 and is intended as a “more pure” measure of the response mapping task requirements than that reflected in the simple decision-mapping time measure.

COMPLEX DECISION-MAPPING TIME – 1st RESPONSE: {Simple RT minus 1st Response - Complex Decision Mapping}

The complex decision-1st response time is computed by subtracting the time taken on the simple RT task minus the reaction time on the first response from the complex decision-mapping task.  This task reflects the task demands added by requiring the sequential mapping of two stimuli to two responses versus that of having to select one of two effectors from a single stimulus.

COMPLEX DECISION-MAPPING TIME - 2ND RESPONSE: {2nd Response Complex Decision Mapping minus 1st Response Complex Decision Mapping}

The complex decision-second response time is computed by subtracting the time taken on the second response from the complex decision-mapping task from the time taken on the first response of the complex decision mapping task.  This task reflects the both the time to execute a second response and the degree of preplanning two responses versus one.  Generally, when the second response is shorter than the first and shorter than the comparison group’s performance, it is an indication of preplanning the response to the second stimulus before executing the first response.  The participant must perceive both stimuli before initiating a response to the first and this typically appears to occur with the planning of the second button response.

        Those responses that are congruent (first response with left mouse response) versus those that are incongruent (first response with the right mouse button and second response with the left mouse button) can also be evaluated as a measure of inhibitory control.  This computation is not automated within the program report.  High error rates and response reversals (selecting the correct tokens in the incorrect order) can also be calculated and may suggest a response sequencing bias or impairment or a anticipatory response tendency.